[54] The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany also knows as Tuscany or Etruria, is a country in central italy it shares border with the State of The Church, Most serene Republic of Lucca and the Duchy of Modena and Reggio . Tagliaferri, whose exequatur as Consul at New York was signed by President Franklin Pierce on November 1, 1854. The Emirate of Sicily, part of NATO, claimed the western part of the Christian Republic of Sicily (then People's Christian Republic of Sicily), creating the Palermo Crisis. Izzard never arrived in Tuscany learning in advance of the high probability that Ferdinand would refuse to receive him in Florence for fear of upsetting the British. Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. He also cites the fact that many Italians served as mercenaries outside of Italy, though he admits that (other than the well-known mercenary tradition of Corsica) there is no information on their state origins. In March 1809 a "General Government of the Departments of Tuscany" was set up, and Napoleon Bonaparte put his sister Elisa Bonaparte at its head, with the title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Several communist rebellions arose over much of Italy, being those of Lombardy and Apulia the most important, bloody and longest-lasting of them all. Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Connecticut (with of the Department, A Guide to the United States History of Recognition, The document in question was officiated on the 27th of that month. The United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia, annexed Tuscany in 1859. Tuscany was neutral during the War of the Spanish Succession, partly due to Tuscany's ramshackle military; a 1718 military review revealed that the army numbered less than 3,000 men, many of whom were infirm and elderly. Francesco de' Medici, Mattias de'Medici, and Ottavio Piccolomini (an Imperial general of Sienese origin) were among the ringleaders in the plot to assassinate field marshal Albrecht von Wallenstein, for which they were rewarded with spoils by Emperor Ferdinand II. Tuscan troops served the Emperor in Silesia during the Seven Years' War. Ombrosi was accredited on May 15, 1819. Ferdinando was obsessed with new technology, and had several hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Pitti. The duchy's largest military deployment came during this war, when in June 1643 over 10,000 troops (7,000 Tuscans in eight regiments of infantry recruited from militia, garrison troops, and veteran mercenaries; 1 regiment of German infantry; 2,400 cavalry, a quarter of whom were Germans; and 1 regiment of Tuscan dragoons) with 18 cannons invaded the Papal States holding of Umbria, while other troops and militia were left garrisoning the grand duchy's major citadels, coastal forts, and border forts. The people of Etruria were named Etruscans, and their complex culture was centered on numerous city-states, such as Veii. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics. U.S. Consular agent Philip Felicchi was appointed on May In 1688, another 6 galleys and 860 soldiers joined the fray. Update now. Volume I: The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: The Grand Duchy of Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. Leopold was contemporarily acknowledged as a liberal monarch. On Livorno, he implanted a law of freedom of religion. It should be noted that Piedmont-Sardinia was one of Please do not edit or alter this article in any way while this template is active. [24] Cosimo II's twelve-year reign was punctuated by his contented marriage with Maria Maddalena and his patronage of astronomer Galileo Galilei. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany recognized the United States when it received the Page 322. The government was finally dissolved upon its annexation to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859. liberal political systems. Leo XI died less than a month later, but fortunately for the Medici his successor Pope Paul V was also pro-Medici. [7] Vittoria della Rovere brought the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere into the family in 1631, upon her death in 1694, they passed to her younger son, Francesco Maria de' Medici. He was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849, but restored to power the same year by Austrian troops. He was excommunicated by Alexander VI and he declared war upon Pisa, which misserably failed and led to widespread plague and famine. Gregory Hanlon. In February 1849, Leopold II had to abandon Tuscany to Republicans and sought refuge in the Neapolitan city of Gaeta. . Jefferson tried to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce Nuclear energy was developed for the first time on Tuscany by a reaction made by Enrico Fermi in a squash room. Leo XI died less than a month later, but fortunately for the Medici his successor Pope Paul V was also pro-Medici. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an independent and sovereign state in 1776 when the United States declared independence from Great Britain. Gian Gastone, the last Medici, resigned the grand duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorraine. House of Commons , The Papal Bull that created the Grand Duchy, Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia), Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, States and territories established in 1569, States and territories established in 1814, States and territories established in 1859, States and territories disestablished in 1801, States and territories disestablished in 1859, States and territories disestablished in 1860, 1569 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1801 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1815 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1859 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The same year, a Tuscan state council was brought into being. Marie's father Stanisaw I of Poland ruled Lorraine as compensation for his loss of the Kingdom of Poland. Despite this, both countries appointed representatives and established diplomatic offices until 1860 when the Grand Duchy was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. Grand Duchy of TuscanyUnited States relations, Kingdom of the Two SiciliesUnited States relations, Kingdom of SardiniaUnited States relations, Republic of GenoaUnited States relations, "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "Consulate General Florence celebrates diplomatic bicentennial", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_TuscanyUnited_States_relations&oldid=1108690109, Infobox bilateral relations usage without maps, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 September 2022, at 19:44. On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (capo) of the Republic of Florence. By going to the ballot box, the Ferdinando II died in 1670, succeeded by his oldest surviving son Cosimo. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics. Despite giving recognition to the U.S., the Duchy refused to recognize American consular agents posted in Florence. From 1553 to 1559, Tuscany raised 30,000 troops for their participation in the Last Italian War, which saw the Republic of Siena being added to the duchy. [56] On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (capo) of the Republic of Florence. Its sovereignty was restored in 1814, when Marie Louise (Napoleon's wife) ruled it as a Duchess until her death. Tuscany was divided into the dpartements of Arno, Mditerrane and Ombrone. 1816-1850, Current Grand Duchy of Tuscanyball was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florenceball . Routledge: 1997. the President, Visits by Foreign Heads This led to a regency of Ferdinand's grandmother, Dowager Grand Duchess Christina, and his mother, Maria Maddalena of Austria. Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. In response to the Trkenkriege during the Long Turkish War starting in 1593, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany sent 100,000 scudi and 3,600 soldiers (3,000 infantry and 600 cavalry) to support the Holy Roman Emperor in Hungary, plus smaller detachments thereafter (there were 2,000 Tuscans in the Imperial army in Hungary by 1601). He continued his father's Austrian/Imperial alliance, cementing it by marrying Johanna of Austria. Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and his cousin King Philip II of Spain reacted quite angrily, as Florence was in theory an Imperial fief and declared Pius V's actions invalid. Cosimo also . Gian Gastone had no say in events and had become quite attached to the Spanish Infante. View original page. residence at Boston) was signed by President James Whence these leagues arrived in Tuscany, a concerned Ferdinand requisitioned an Austrian garrison, from his brother Emperor Francis of Austria, for the defence of the state. [29], Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Urban VIII in 1643. The once powerful navy was reduced to a pitiful state. In 1790, Emperor Joseph II died without issue and Leopold was called to Vienna, to assume the rule of his family's Austrian dominions and become Emperor. The grand duchy had two sources of naval power: the state navy and the Order of Saint Stephen. The Tuscans despised the new occupying "Lorrainers", as they interfered with the Tuscan government, while the occupying Spaniards had not done so. CosimoI died in 1574 of apoplexy, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet. Married Eleanor of Toledo (1522 - 1562) daughter of Don Pedro lvarez de Toledo, Marquis of Villafranca. Tagliaferri, whose exequatur as Consul at New York was signed This constitution was still in effect through the Medicean grand duchy, albeit the institutions decayed and powerless by the rule of Ferdinando II. To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of Mulberry trees along the major roads (silk worms feed on Mulberry leaves). The said revolution toppled the throne of France, and caused disarray across Europe. In the 11th century the marquisate went to the Attoni family from Canossa, who also held Modena, Reggio Emilia and Mantua. Great publishing were made, such as Niccol Machiavelli's the Prince, and the many pieces of the finest artwork by Tuscan artists, such as Michelangelo and Da Vinci. The fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy. The interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. This made the Papal States and Florence to be in a personal union, and he placed his brother Giuliano de'Medici, as the ruler of Tuscany. By January 1785, the process of negotiating such an Etruria lasted less than a decade. U.S. Etruria lasted less than a decade. 1st Grand Master of the Order of St. Stephen. It established a revolutionary commune. to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777, the U.S. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. [7] Italy was unified in 1870, when the remains of the Papal States were annexed in that September, deposing Pope Pius IX. Since their accession to the throne of Grand Dukes, the Habsburgs continually tried to make Tuscany a source of military power, to little success, as Tuscany had declined and demilitarized in the 18th century. History of the Art of War." The Medici, not only patrons of the arts and the sciences but also of Roman Catholicism, were also popes and cardinals. attempts was in 1784 when U.S. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged. The Grand Duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. Ferdinando's elder son, Cosimo, mounted the throne following his death. Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, Bianca Cappello, spurring rumours of poisoning. In 1688, another 6 galleys and 860 soldiers joined the fray. They began to raid independently of the galleys on long voyages to the Levant. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, as a part of the unification of Italy, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved. This can be observed in the register of prizes of the Order of Saint Stephen. After 1612, the Tuscans progressively stopped sending out expeditions and limited their naval operations to patrols. [2], The Duchy appointed John F. Mansony as their first representative to the U.S. also as exequatur as Consul for the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Connecticut residing in Boston whose appointment was signed by President Monroe on November 6, 1817. The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Laurentius of Austria, Duke of Teschen (German: Erzherzog Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz von sterreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 1771 - 30 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of Emperor Leopold II and his wife, Maria Luisa of Spain. Francis Stephen altered the laws of succession in 1763, when he declared his second son, Leopold, heir to the grand duchy. As it was the most progressive and tolerant nation on Italy, many scientists, artists and other famous people such as the famous royalist Benito Mussolini, the inventor of nuclear energy Enrico Fermi, and other. Following Ferdinand's death, his elder son, Leopold II, succeeded him. With the end of Spanish subsidies, in 1574 the navy shrunk to 4 galleys. [63] However, the size and quality of the duchy's militia varied throughout its existence, as did its army. Soderini supplanted him, and his secretary Niccol Machiavelli, previous author of other books under Lorenzo the Magnificent's reign, was able to conquer Pisa. It was composed by Egisto Mosell as ordinance. [3], Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after conquering the Republic of Siena, Cosimo I de' Medici, was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on August 27, 1569. They were responsible of importing much of the Greek culture into Rome. He also instituted several laws censoring education and introduced anti-Jewish legislation. Francis did not live in his Tuscan realm, and lived in the capital of his wife's realm, Vienna. Francesco de' Medici, Mattias de'Medici, and Ottavio Piccolomini (an Imperial general of Sienese origin) were among the ringleaders in the plot to assassinate field marshal Albrecht von Wallenstein, for which they were rewarded with spoils by Emperor Ferdinand II. last representative of Tuscany in the United States was G.B. Militia were recruited into the army as needed to replace losses. Tuscany passed to another son, Leopold,[48] through secundogeniture. of State, World War I and the [1], The Grand Duchy recognized the United States in 1794 when it received the first U.S. consular agent to serve within the grand duchy, Philip Felicchi who was stationed at Livorno from May 24, 1794, to December 7, 1796. Coat of Arms (1562-1737) House of Habsburg-Lorraine. By the Treaty of Fontainebleau (27 October 1807), Etruria was to be annexed by France. The fear that the Emperor would impose conscription on the duchy caused 2% of the population to flee to the Papal States. On the late 1700s and early 1800s the Medici and later the Habsburg dynasty on Tuscany weakened. His affinity for Austria was equally unpalatable. Official Roblox Grand Duchy Of Tuscany 3 subscribers Home Videos Playlists Channels About Uploads 0:09 Welcome To Our Channel! In 1533, Alessandro de'Medici was crowned as Dux of Florence, ending the Florentine Republic and creating the Duchy of Florence. In their golden age, they were able to dominate Latio, Mantua, and the north-eastern coast of the Italian Peninsula. Christina heavily relied on priests as advisors, lifting Cosimo I's ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and promoted monasticism. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 18017). He shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg candidate since Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. In 1613, Cosimo II sent 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, along with an undisclosed number of Tuscan adventurers, to aid the Spanish after Savoy launched an invasion of the Monferrato. Leopold II lent his support to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the Austro-Sardinian War. The same year, a Tuscan state council was brought into being. The two areas were governed by separate laws. Leopold I (1747- 1792) Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopold I (1747- 1792) Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792, King of Hungary, Archduke of Austria as Leopold II.Second son of Francis Stephen of Lorraine (1708-1765) Holy Roman Emperor. Chiarugi and his collaborators introduced new humanitarian regulations in the running of the hospital and caring for the mentally ill patients, including banning the use of chains and physical punishment, and in so doing have been recognized as early pioneers of what later came to be known as the moral treatment movement.[51]. Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824. The Spanish reaction was to construct a citadel on their portion of the island of Elba. [72], After 1612, the Tuscans progressively stopped sending out expeditions and limited their naval operations to patrols. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, as a part of the unification of Italy, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved. In December 1859, the Grand Duchy was joined to the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later. Learning in advance of the Leopold also abolished capital punishment. The constitution was revoked in 1852. Ferdinando's pro-Papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. On 30November 1786, after having defacto blocked capital executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the penal code that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. Relations ended in 1860 following the Unification of Italy when the Duchy was dissolved and incorporated into a singular Italian state. Tuscany was neutral during the War of the Spanish Succession, partly due to Tuscany's ramshackle military; a 1718 military review revealed that the army numbered less than 3,000 men, many of whom were infirm and elderly. During the Holy League of 1571, Cosimo fought against the Ottoman Empire, siding with the Holy Roman Empire. Tuscany during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; House of Commons, John Bowring, 1839, p 6, Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the time period in question, Joachim Whaley, "Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648-1806", from the Oxford History of Early Modern Europe, p. 137. The first contingent of 3,000 troops arrived in 1758, followed by a second contingent of 1,500, and subsequent smaller ones to replace losses from battle and disease. After a short Civil War, the Medici were able to depose the Habsburg and place themselves on power again. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. After the destruction of the Lombard kingdom by Charlemagne, it became a county first, and then a march. Gian Gastone was not as steadfast in negotiating Tuscany's future as his father was. Their union wrought a high level of discontentment, but despite the tension they had three children, Ferdinando, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine and the last Medicean grand duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. The United Nations had to occupy the disputed area due to the fact that it could lead to a war. Only 1 was captured after 1635. [27] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, which set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study. The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza joined with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena to form the United Provinces of Central Italy in December 1859, and merged with the Kingdom of Sardinia into the Kingdom of Italy in March 1860 after holding a referendum. St.Minias was Florence's first martyr on 250 C.E during Decius' anti-Christian persecutions. Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan colony in America, with the intention of establishing a Tuscan settlement in the area of what is now French Guiana. They built roads, aqueducts, sewers and many buildings. The region was left to the Goths at the end of the Sixth Century, and later it was conquered by the Longobards, which designated Lucca as capital of the Duchy of Tuscia. There were, however, several attempts to Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. Tuscany is the Etruria of the ancients. Routledge: 1997. The Government of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany refused to recognize An anonymous Venetian intelligence report from the late 16th century stated that Tuscany could spend 800,000 ducats annually on war (half as much as the Spanish-held Kingdom of Naples despite having a quarter of its population), and could raise 40,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, counting soldiers, militia, and mercenaries from nearby Corsica and Romagna, a force massively out of proportion to its population. The Second Austro-Sardinian war broke out in the summer of 1859. The court moved to Salzburg and lived there in exile until 1918. The proposal sank, and ultimately died with Cosimo in 1723. The economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places. These deaths were to affect him greatly, which, along with illness, forced Cosimo to unofficially abdicate in 1564. [7] The court moved to Salzburg and lived there in exile until 1918. From 1560 to 1609, the Tuscan fleet captured 76 galiots, 7 galleys, 2 large roundships, and 67 minor craft, taking 9,620 slaves and liberating 2,076 Christians. [19] To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of Mulberry trees along the major roads (silk worms feed on Mulberry leaves). clear that the Grand Duke would not recognize the United States, Izards Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to be wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty. [19] Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan colony in America, with the intention of establishing a Tuscan settlement in the area of what is now French Guiana. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzo, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors. All representatives of the Duchy were consular officers. Such was the failure of their initial effort that Vienna declared Tuscany to be neutral during the War of the Austrian Succession, and enemy troops crossed it unopposed. [30] The exchequer was barely adequate to cover the state's current expenditure, resulting in a complete termination of banking operations for the Medici. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged. The Great Depression didn't hit Tuscany as far as other Italian nations such as Venezia and Piedemont. the more powerful states in the peninsula, as well as having one of the most Puritanism swept through the Republic, and someone appointed Jesus of Nazareth (Christ) as the King of Florence. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1815 to 1847. Tuscany was overcome with religious orders, all of whom were not obliged to pay taxes. 8 of them around 1610 floated a total of 200 guns. The Italian Peninsula on 1915: Allies on blue, Central Powers on red. During the Holy League of 1571, Cosimo fought against the Ottoman Empire, siding with the Holy Roman Empire. The document in question was officiated on the 27th of that month. Therefore, Tuscan recognition Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany (1723-1737) Cosimo I de' Medici (1519 - 1574) Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574, reigning as the first Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569. Gian Gastone, the last Medici, resigned the grand duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorraine. Italian nationalism exploded in the post-Napoleonic years, leading to the establishment of secret societies bent on a unified Italy. of the Secretaries of State, Travels of Capital: Florence Continent: Europe Official Languages: Italian Established: 1569 AD/CE Disestablished: 1860 AD/CE History: In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. Izard was charged on February 4, 1778, with trying to secure a loan from the In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Militia were recruited into the army as needed to replace losses. [55] Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia captured Tuscany in its entirety, and held it for the duration of the conflict; Leopold fled Tuscany as a result. Ferdinando's elder son, Cosimo, mounted the throne following his death. He used his skill at choosing collaborators to put a young physician, Vincenzo Chiarugi, at its head. the duchy of Capistrano and Citta di Penna in the kingdom of Naples. The duchy was restored to Bourbon rule in 1847, after which it was formally abolished and integrated into a new Italian state. "The Dawn of Modern Warfare. [7], In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. Parliament. Such was the failure of their initial effort that Vienna declared Tuscany to be neutral during the War of the Austrian Succession, and enemy troops crossed it unopposed. "The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." Despite giving recognition to the U.S., the Duchy refused to recognize American consular agents posted in Florence. Together they had two children: Cosimo, in 1642, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, in 1660. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. That made the Republic of Florence to become very rich. For the decades thereafter, the grand dukes only maintained a peacetime force of 2,500 soldiers, 500 cavalry to patrol the coasts and 2,000 infantry to man castles (Cosimo I having significantly expanded Tuscany's fortification network in an effort to defend the country). Gian Gastone would repeal his father's puritan laws. An anonymous Venetian intelligence report from the late 16th century stated that Tuscany could spend 800,000 ducats annually on war (half as much as the Spanish-held Kingdom of Naples despite having a quarter of its population), and could raise 40,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, counting soldiers, militia, and mercenaries from nearby Corsica and Romagna, a force massively out of proportion to its population. Historical flags and coat of arms [ edit] State Flags 1545-1731 (Farnese) 1815-1847 The Holy League inflicted a crushing defeat against the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto. [19] To strengthen the new Tuscan alliance, he married the deceased Francesco's younger daughter, Marie, to Henry IV of France. The said revolution toppled the throne of France, and caused disarray across Europe. During the reign of the Medici, which transformed the Republic of Florence into the Duchy of Florence and then the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Renainssance started. 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